Задание
0
What does an acid make?
Read the letters — they are the reaction.
1
MMetal
+ AAcid
→ SSalt
+ HHydrogen
Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2↑
2
BBase
+ AAcid
→ SSalt
+ H2OWater
2NaOH+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2H2O
BASH makes a splash — a pool of water
3
CCarbonate
+ AAcid
→ SSalt
+ H2OWater
+ CO2Carbon dioxide
ZnCO3+2HBr→ZnBr2+H2O+CO2↑
burn your CASH and you get CO2 and water
korsakova.schoolAcids · card 1
Oxidation states: the quick rules
Start with the atoms you are sure about, then solve for the rest.
always
Group 1 +1 Li, Na, K…
Group 2 +2 Mg, Ca, Ba…
Al +3
F −1
an element on its own 0 Na, Cl2
usually
H +1 but −1 in NaH
O −2 but −1 in H2O2
Cl, Br, I −1 with metals and H
limits
highest = outer electrons; in groups 13–17 just drop the “1” S: group 16 → +6
lowest, non-metal = group number − 18 S: 16 − 18 = −2
lowest, metal = 0
the “− 18” rule works from group 14: C −4, N −3, S −2, Cl −1
the sum is 0 in a compound, and the charge in an ion
H2SO4: 2(+1) + x + 4(−2) = 0
x = +6
x = +6
diatomic molecules — always in pairs
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
korsakova.schoolRedox · card 2
-ide, -ite or -ate?
The ending tells you how much oxygen the ion carries.
+7ClO4−perchlorate +5ClO3−chlorate +3ClO2−chlorite +1ClO−hypochlorite −1Cl−chloride
+6SO42−sulfate +4SO32−sulfite −2S2−sulfide +5NO3−nitrate +3NO2−nitrite
-ide no oxygen
-ite less oxygen
-ate more oxygen
hypo- the least · per- the most
a Roman numeral is the oxidation state of the metal
CuSO4 copper(II) sulfate · Fe(NO3)3 iron(III) nitrate · KIO3 potassium iodate
korsakova.schoolNaming · card 3
Inside the atom
Three particles, two numbers.
proton charge +1 in the nucleus
neutron no charge in the nucleus
electron charge −1 in shells
Z atomic number = protons = electrons
A mass number = protons + neutrons
neutrons = A − Z Li: 7 − 3 = 4
electrons fill the shells: 2, 8, 8…
Li 2, 1Al 2, 8, 3P 2, 8, 5
read it from the table
period = number of shells
outer (valence) electrons = last digit of the group
outer (valence) electrons = last digit of the group
korsakova.schoolAtomic structure · card 4
Charge, oxidation state, valency
Three ideas that look alike — and are written differently.
charge
Li+Ca2+NO3−PO43−
a real charge on an ion · number first, then the sign · cation +, anion −
oxidation state
+1Na+2Ca−2S−3P
an imagined charge, as if every bond were ionic · written above the symbol, slightly to the right · sign first, then the number
valency
CH4C: IVH: I
how many bonds an atom forms · no sign at all
they do not have to match
N2: valency III, oxidation state 0
korsakova.schoolKey ideas · card 5
Four types of reactions
Count what goes in and what comes out.
synthesis A + B → AB
2Na+S→Na2S
decomposition AB → A + B
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
single replacement A + BC → AC + B · also called displacement
Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2↑
double replacement AB + CD → AD + CB · the ions swap partners
AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl↓+NaNO3
korsakova.schoolReactions · card 6
Redox: who loses, who gains
OIL RIG — Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
oxidation loses e− oxidation state goes up
reduction gains e− oxidation state goes down
reducing agent is oxidised itself
oxidising agent is reduced itself
20Na+0Cl2→2+1Na−1Cl
0Na − e− → +1Na× 2 · oxidation · Na is the reducing agent
0Cl2 + 2e− → 2−1Cl× 1 · reduction · Cl2 is the oxidising agent
the balance rule
electrons lost = electrons gained
korsakova.schoolRedox · card 7
How organic names are built
stem (how many carbons) + bond + functional group
stem
1 meth-2 eth-3 prop-4 but-5 pent-6 hex-
bonds
C–C -aneC=C -eneC≡C -yne
functional groups
–OH-olalcohol · ethanol –CHO-alaldehyde · ethanal C=O-oneketone · propanone –COOH-oic acidcarboxylic acid · ethanoic acid –COO–-oateester · methyl ethanoate
korsakova.schoolOrganic chemistry · card 8
Naming checklist
Four steps for any branched molecule.
1Find the longest chain that contains the functional group or the double bond.
2Number it from the end nearest to the functional group, the double bond or the first branch.
3Name the branches: –CH3 methyl, –C2H5 ethyl, –Br bromo, –Cl chloro. Put them in alphabetical order; di- and tri- do not count.
4Put the position number right before the part it describes.
examples
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
3,4-dimethylpent-1-ene
2-methylpentan-3-ol
2-bromo-4-ethyl-2,5-dimethylhexane
3,4-dimethylpent-1-ene
2-methylpentan-3-ol
2-bromo-4-ethyl-2,5-dimethylhexane
korsakova.schoolOrganic chemistry · card 9
Alkanes swap, alkenes add
The same halogen — two different reactions.
substitution alkane + halogen, needs UV light
CH4+Cl2→CH3Cl+HCl
one H is swapped for a halogen atom · chloromethane
addition alkene + halogen, no light needed
CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2Br–CH2Br
the double bond opens · 1,2-dibromoethane · bromine water loses its colour: the test for C=C
Markovnikov’s rule adding HBr or H2O to an unsymmetrical alkene
CH2=CH–CH3+HBr→CH3–CHBr–CH3
H goes to the carbon that already has more H · 2-bromopropane
korsakova.schoolOrganic reactions · card 10
The oxidation ladder
Up with an oxidising agent, down with a reducing agent.
primary alcohol
R–CH2OH→ [O]R–CHO→ [O]R–COOH
alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid
secondary alcohol
R–CH(OH)–R′→ [O]R–CO–R′
alcohol → ketone, and it stops there · tertiary alcohols are not oxidised
[O] — oxidising agent
acidified K2Cr2O7
orange → green
orange → green
going back down — reduction
NaBH4 or LiAlH4
aldehyde → primary alcohol · ketone → secondary alcohol
aldehyde → primary alcohol · ketone → secondary alcohol
korsakova.schoolOrganic reactions · card 11
Bonding and structure
Who bonds with whom — and what the solid is like.
ionicmetal + non-metal NaCl, KI covalentnon-metal + non-metal polar H–Cl · non-polar Cl–Cl metallicmetal atoms Fe, Cu, bronze
giant ionichigh melting point · conducts when molten or dissolved giant covalentvery high melting point diamond, SiO2, SiC simple molecularlow melting point H2O, CO2, I2 metallicconducts as a solid · can be bent and shaped
polar or non-polar?
it depends on the difference in electronegativity
korsakova.schoolBonding · card 12
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